the bigger picture وضعیت کلی

Ex: In my political work I try to concentrate on the big picture and not be distracted by details.

در روش کار سیاسی من، تلاشم تمرکز روی وضعیت کلی موجود است نه اینکه حواسم با جزییات پرت شود.

lethal  کشنده، مرگ آور

Ex: this medicine is lethal in excessive doses

این دارو به میزان زیاده از حد مهلک است.

high-density متراکم – شلوغ

Ex: Expensive executive homes do not sit easily with rows of high-density terraced housing.

خانه های گران قیمت به این راحتی ها هم ردیف مجتمع های مسکونی متراکم نمی شوند.

peripheral جانبی, حاشیه ای, محیطی

Ex: hese issues are peripheral to our current discussion and can be dealt with at a later time.

این موارد موضوع بحث امروز ما نیست و جنبه جانبی دارد که می توان بعدا به آن پرداخت.

flight routes مسیرهای هوایی

Ex: Which is the best route to take?

کدام بهترین مسیر است؟

dose حس بد از چیزی

Ex: a dose of influenza

حس بد آنفلونزا

Neil
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Neil.

Georgina
And I’m Georgina.

Neil
I’ve really had enough of this coronavirus, Georgina! People getting sick, losing their jobs and to top it off, the pubs in some places are closed!

Georgina
I know it’s bad, Neil, but compared to historical pandemics like the Spanish flu and economic crises like the Great Depression, coronavirus isn’t actually so bad. You’ve got to look at the bigger picture – the long-term, overall view of a complex situation.

Neil
Hmm, somehow that’s not very comforting, Georgina! But tell me more…

Georgina
Well, we’ve heard lots from politicians and scientists about the spread of coronavirus but a historian’s view might give us a fresh look at the bigger picture – and maybe a more hopeful point of view. So in this programme we’ll be hearing from historian, Peter Frankopan, author of bestselling book, The Silk Roads.

Neil
Ah, the title of that book, The Silk Roads, reminds me of my quiz question, Georgina. Are you ready to have a go?

Georgina
I’ll try, Neil, but the only thing I know about the Silk Roads is that they were the ancient routes along which people travelled the Earth.

Neil
Very good, Georgina! Not just people but also ideas, religions, languages and diseases travelled from place to place along these ancient roads. But where exactly did the Silk Roads run? That’s my quiz question. Was it:

a) From South America to Europe?,
b) From Africa to Asia?, or,
c) From Asia to Europe?

Georgina
Well, since this current pandemic came from Wuhan, I’ll say, c) from Asia to Europe.

Neil
OK, Georgina, we’ll find out later if that’s right. What’s certain is that disease passing from place to place and from animals to humans, is nothing new. Listen to historian, Peter Frankopan, being interviewed for the BBC programme, HARDTalk.

Georgina
See if you can hear the reason he gives for how diseases are spread.

Peter Frankopan
Well, it’s a fairly predictable thing a historian would say but change and widespread diseases are nothing new. Our ancestors all lived through big pandemics, some of them which were much more lethal than coronavirus. And one of the products of living together in high-density populations, going back as far as historical records go, is you find there are transitions of disease from animals to human beings and they inflict damage. And that damage typically you measure in mortality rates but then the economic and social consequences of disease. There’s a lot of examples in history to learn from.

Neil
Compared to coronavirus, other big pandemics in history have been much more lethal – dangerous enough to cause death.

Georgina
One reason Peter gives for this is the high-density of populations, meaning people living together in buildings very close to one another. In olden days this included living together with animals, making the transmission of disease to humans much easier.

Neil
Right, Georgina, like the flea-infested rats which spread the plague across Europe in the Middle Ages.

Georgina
But times change and today most people live in very different ways from people living centuries ago.

Neil
So how can we explain the spread of the coronavirus pandemic in 2020? And why have some countries been able to deal with it so much better than others. Here’s Peter Frankopan again, talking on the BBC’s HARDTalk.

Georgina
Listen and see if you can you spot his answer.

Peter Frankopan
Well, your geographical position in the world matters – if you’re if you’re geographically peripheral like Scandinavia or New Zealand, then you have a different dose, a different level of connectivity with the rest of the world. If you’re a country like the UK which is the centre of all global flight routes, then the incidence of people going backwards and forwards, in and out of your country – you’re going to spread and catch much quicker. The scorecard is very mixed and there’ve been some democratic systems that have been extremely resilient and robust at anticipating it and some that have got it wrong.

Neil
According to Peter, countries which are geographically peripheral – at the periphery or edge of things, instead of at the centre, are less at risk.

Georgina
The UK, on the other hand, is at the centre of global flight routes – the connecting flight paths used by airplanes. Visiting air passengers who spread the disease are one of the reasons behind Britain’s dose of coronavirus.

Neil
Here, dose is used as an informal way of saying an unpleasant experience.

Georgina
So from a historical viewpoint, this current pandemic doesn’t seem so bad – far fewer people have died than in previous pandemics and with the arrival of a vaccine, the end is almost in sight.

Neil
Hmm, I guess so, Georgina, but for now at least the pubs are still closed in some places! Anyway, it was interesting to hear how diseases have been spreading since ancient times.

Georgina
On routes like the Silk Roads, you mean? So what was the answer to your quiz question, Neil? Was I right?

Neil
You said the ancient Silk Roads ran, c) from Asia to Europe which was… correct! They ran from Japan and the Far East through Asia and the Middle East, bringing trade and spices as well as new ideas and languages to Europe.

Georgina
Sounds like another example of looking at the bigger picture – the long-term, overall view of a complex situation.

Neil
Let’s recap the other vocabulary too. Diseases can be lethal – extremely dangerous, even causing death.

Georgina
A high-density population is a population living very closely together.

Neil
Peripheral countries may be less at risk from pandemics because they are at the periphery or edge of events, instead of at the centre.

Georgina
So somewhere with fewer flight routes – the connecting pathways followed by airplanes, might get a less serious dose – or unpleasant experience, of coronavirus.

Neil
Well, I hope this experience hasn’t been too unpleasant and you get a chance to use some of this vocabulary chatting to your friends about trending stories in the news.

Georgina
And if you like topical discussions and want to learn how to use the vocabulary found in headlines, why not check out our News Review podcast? Remember to join us again soon at 6 Minute English.

Neil
And to download our free app from your usual app store so you can follow BBC Learning English – we’re all over social media as well. Goodbye for now!

Georgina
Bye!